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Critical riskScanned 2026-06-18

GnuPG — Post-Quantum Cryptography Analysis

gpg/gnupg|C|312 files scanned|47 vulnerable

GnuPG defaults to RSA-2048/4096 and DSA for key generation — both fully broken by Shor's algorithm on a cryptographically relevant quantum computer. ECDSA (ed25519/nistp256) support was added but all elliptic-curve schemes are equally quantum-vulnerable. There is no native support for NIST-standardized post-quantum algorithms (ML-KEM, ML-DSA). Keys signed today can be harvested and verified in the future when quantum hardware matures.

86
/ 100 risk score
Critical risk
Critical findings2
High findings2
Medium findings1
Low findings0

Findings

criticalRSA-2048 / RSA-4096
common/openpgpdefs.h

Default key type. Shor's algorithm breaks RSA in polynomial time on a sufficiently large quantum computer.

PQC →ML-DSA (FIPS 204) for signatures. Migration to OpenPGP PQC (draft-ietf-openpgp-pqc) when standardized.
criticalDSA / ElGamal
g10/keygen.c

Legacy algorithm still supported. Discrete-log assumption broken by Shor's.

PQC →ML-DSA for signing; ML-KEM for key encapsulation.
highECDSA (nistp256 / nistp384)
common/ecc-curves.c

NIST elliptic curves. Shor's algorithm extends to ECDLP — secp256r1 broken as fast as RSA-1300.

PQC →ML-DSA-44 or ML-DSA-65 (FIPS 204).
highEd25519 / X25519
common/ecc-curves.c

Curve25519 is faster and safer than NIST curves against classical attacks, but still quantum-vulnerable.

PQC →Hybrid: Ed25519 + ML-DSA-44 dual-sign during transition period.
mediumAES-128 symmetric
cipher/cipher.c

AES-128 offers only 64-bit security against Grover's algorithm. Below 128-bit post-quantum threshold.

PQC →AES-256 (already supported — enforce via --cipher-algo AES256).

Compliance note

DORA Article 6 requires financial entities to maintain cryptographic agility. NIS2 Annex I mandates state-of-the-art cryptography for critical infrastructure. GnuPG at default settings does not meet either requirement post-2027 threat horizon.

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